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August 10th: Remembering a Day of Tragedy for the People of Vietnam_我的网站

一 |     近年来，部分县域坚持生态优先、绿色发展，立足资源禀赋、主体功能定位和产业基础，积极探索生态资源价值实现路径，在筑牢生态安全底线基础上释放生态资源潜能，逐步形成生态保护赋能、生态产业转化、产业绿色转型、制度机制创新四条路径，为不同类型县域拓宽生态价值转换路径提供了有益实践。

二 | 县域生态价值转化的四条路径生态保护赋能，以系统治理夯实价值转化根基。以山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和系统治理为核心，通过生态修复改善生态环境质量、提升生态系统服务功能，为生态补偿、碳汇开发和生态产业发展创造条件，形成“保护生态—提升价值—反哺保护”的良性循环。该路径主要适用于国家重点生态功能区、水源涵养区、自然保护地以及生态脆弱修复区等区域的县域。    Some three million Vietnamese were affected by direct contact with dioxin in that decade.,14% of the territory of South Vietnam was exposed to this toxin, causing severe consequences for the land and nature. Five thousand square kilometers of mangrove forests were almost completely destroyed; about 10,000 square kilometers of jungle and more than a thousand square kilometers of lowland forests were affected. American troops destroyed 70% of the coconut plantations and 60% of the Gewea plantations; they also changed the ecological balance of Vietnam.,The affected areas lost 18 out of 150 bird species; nearly all amphibians and insects disappeared; the number of fish in rivers decreased, and their composition changed. The microbiological composition of soils was disturbed. Changes in the fauna resulted in the replacement of black rats, which are safe for humans, with other species that were plague carriers. Alterations in the mosquito species composition led to the introduction of malaria-carrying ones. Dioxin: A Permanently Exploding Bomb The large-scale US use of chemical warfare in Vietnam lasted until late 1971. But this war was not over for Vietnam itself, said Professor Andrei Kuznetsov, director general of the Russian Division of the Joint Russo-Vietnamese Research and Technology Tropical Center, in an interview with Sputnik.,“This is because dioxins, once inside the human body, begin to work like an HIV infection. If a person is completely healthy, they do not affect him. As soon as the human immune system weakens and any disease begins, dioxins immediately get integrated into the disease chains and start working in their own way. No one knows just how. They can cause cancer, damage to the liver, skin, respiratory system, and much more. Dioxin pathology is very diverse. And the most tragic thing is that it is inherited through mother's milk. More than a million and a half Vietnamese in the three postwar generations have suffered from it. For an extremely long time, for many generations, dioxins will continue to be passed on from women to their children. Moreover, there is no minimum permissible dose for dioxins,” says Andrei Kuznetsov.,Today, Vietnam faces the ever-present threat that children will be born with a wide variety of defects. To this day, several villages there are closed to the public, where children are born into families with various deformities. There are several specialized boarding schools where children with genetic defects live. Scientists from different countries have been studying the effects of dioxin on soil for a long time, but only in temperate and northern climates. No one has studied its impact in the tropics. There have been no studies on what happens when dioxin molecules enter the soil under tropical conditions, continued Professor Kuznetsov.,“The Joint Russo-Vietnamese Research and Tropical Technology Center is the first and only one to address this issue. It was commonly believed that dioxin molecules were insoluble. Supposedly, humus binds them and they remain in the top layer of the soil. One could bulldoze or even shovel it and burn it. But it turns out that things are different in the tropics. Dioxin molecules bind with various acids in the soil, forming new dioxin-containing molecules that become water-soluble and water-permeable. They mix with rainfall streams, sink into the soil, get transported by subsurface water, and subsequently enter wells, lakes, rivers, and seas hundreds of kilometers away from where they were sprayed. This situation persists in Vietnam to this day. There are several ‘hot spots’; places where, during the aggression, the Americans stored barrels with chemical agents. When they left Vietnam, they shot these barrels with large-caliber machine guns and left them there. For example, this happened in Da Nang, which was one of the largest US military bases. And the same happened at the US military base in Bien Hoa. These two former bases are still the largest and scariest hotbeds of contamination,” said Andrei Kuznetsov.,The expert also noted that the Americans recently have conducted a demonstrative action in Da Nang – and have now begun it in Bien Hoa – to decontaminate the soil to a depth of two meters in those places where barrels with warfare agents were stored. But they don`t check the level of dioxin contamination even within the radius of 200-300 meters from the storage sites. Meanwhile, subsurface water transports pesticides far beyond those limits.,The Mission of Joint Tropical Center The Joint Russo-Vietnamese Research and Technology Tropical Center has been studying the consequences of the US chemical war in Vietnam since its founding. In fact, it was established precisely for this work, noted Professor Kuznetsov.,“We were tasked with determining whether contact with dioxin leads to genetic changes in humans and has a detrimental effect on soil, flora, and fauna. Our conclusion - yes, it does. The results of our work were published and reported to the leadership of Vietnam’s Ministry of National Defense and Ministry of Health, together with our scientific and practical recommendations on combating various dioxin-related effects. At the same time, we noted that the most effective, global way to prevent dioxins from damaging people is to take maximum care of their health. That is, Vietnam needs to invest much more in health care than countries that have not been exposed to this toxic chemical. We cannot yet say when the effects of US chemical warfare will cease in Vietnam. After all, Vietnam is the first and only country to have been exposed to such massive amounts of poisonous substances,” Kuznetsov concluded.。山西沁水县持续实施国土绿化、沁河流域生态修复、天然林保护等工程，统筹推进森林、河流、湿地等生态系统保护修复，在提升生态本底的基础上发展生态观光、森林研学、林下种养等绿色业态，推动生态治理成果向产业发展和群众增收转化。陕西留坝县编制生物多样性保护专项规划，实施重点保护项目，建立多部门协同管护机制，加强珍稀动植物栖息地保护修复，在筑牢秦岭生态安全屏障的同时，发展林下经济、生态康养等产业，推动生态保护优势转化为绿色发展优势。生态产业转化，以资源开发拓展价值增值空间。

三 | 立足优质生态禀赋和特色资源优势，重点发展生态农业、林下经济、生态旅游、森林康养等绿色产业，延伸精深加工、休闲体验、文化创意等价值链条，促进生态资源向生态产品、生态产品向生态产业、生态产业向生态价值、生态价值向经济价值转化，实现生态增值、产业增效、群众增收。该路径主要适用于生态本底优良、特色农林资源富集、生态文旅发展潜力较大的县域。吉林抚松县地处长白山核心生态功能区，深耕人参、蓝莓等特色林下种养产业，推动初级农产品向保健品、精深食品等高附加值环节延伸，联动森林康养、冰雪度假等文旅业态，构建“种养—加工—文旅”全链条价值转化体系，持续将生态资源优势转化为产业发展优势。

四 | 河北兴隆县依托燕山生态资源和板栗、山楂等特色林果资源，推进标准化种植、精深加工和品牌化运营，培育生态观光、森林康养、乡村民宿等特色业态，推动生态资源向特色产业、生态产品向产业价值转化，实现生态增值与群众增收协同发展。

五 | 产业绿色转型，以低碳升级释放产业生态价值。以绿色、低碳、循环发展为导向，以节能降碳、清洁生产、资源循环利用为抓手，推进重点行业、园区和企业绿色化改造，推动产业链、供应链和能源体系绿色升级，培育绿色制造、新能源、节能环保等产业，实现资源高效利用、产业提质增效与生态环境改善协同共进。该路径主要适用于工业基础较好、资源型产业占比较高的县域。安徽宁国市立足制造业基础，围绕汽车零部件、耐磨材料等产业推进节能降碳、清洁生产和园区循环化改造，提升资源利用效率，培育节能环保、新能源装备等绿色产业，推动传统制造业绿色升级。山东龙口市聚焦高端铝材料、汽车零部件等优势产业，实施产业链绿色改造，完善固废资源化利用、水资源循环利用体系，布局海上风电、海洋新能源装备等绿色产业，加快工业体系低碳转型。

六 | 制度机制创新，以改革探索畅通价值实现通道。以制度创新为突破口，通过搭建政府引导、市场运作的生态资源运营平台，健全价值核算、确权登记、收储运营、交易流转等机制，推动生态资源资产化、资本化，畅通生态价值实现通道，破解生态资源“难度量、难确权、难交易、难变现”等难点堵点。该路径主要适用于改革基础较好、生态产品价值实现条件较为成熟的县域。青海祁连县立足祁连山生态安全屏障定位，以生态产品价值实现机制试点为抓手，聚焦核算筑基、交易赋能、补偿激励等关键环节，完善资源确权、价值核算、生态补偿、网格管护等制度体系，探索草原碳汇、生态资产交易等市场化转化路径，为青藏高原生态脆弱地区探索生态价值转化路径提供了实践样板。江西资溪县创新“两山银行”运营模式，对山林、水域、古村落等分散生态资源统一收储、整合运营，通过租赁、入股、招商等方式开展市场化开发，推动碎片化生态资源向规模化经营性资产转化，探索形成生态资源市场化运营和价值实现的有效路径。

七 | 县域生态价值转化的五项举措县域促进生态价值高效转化，必须坚持生态优先、绿色发展，立足禀赋、因地制宜，统筹高水平保护与高质量发展。

八 | 通过夯实生态基底、推动产绿融合、深化机制改革、汇聚多方合力，打通生态保护、产业升级、价值变现、富民增收全链条，切实将生态资源优势转化为县域绿色发展和富民增收优势。

九 | 坚持因地制宜，分类施策，找准生态价值转化突破口。

十 | 全面摸清生态资源底数，建立资源、价值、项目“三张清单”，优先布局生态效益好、市场前景广、带动能力强的绿色项目。生态功能突出县域重点加强生态保护和生态产品供给，积极争取生态补偿，稳妥发展碳汇、生态农业和生态旅游；农业主导县域突出特色生态农产品培育，推进精深加工和品牌营销；工业基础较好县域聚焦产业绿色转型，推进园区循环化改造和企业绿色技改。坚持生态优先、系统治理，筑牢价值转换生态基础。

十一 | 把生态保护修复作为生态价值转化的前提和基础，统筹推进山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和系统治理，严格落实生态保护红线等管控要求。聚焦重点流域、森林湿地、矿山和生物多样性重点区域，实施生态保护修复、森林质量提升等重点工程，持续提升生态系统质量和服务功能，增强优质生态产品供给能力，为生态价值转化和绿色产业发展夯实基础。坚持“两化”协同、融合发展，拓展生态价值实现载体。推动生态产业化与产业生态化协同发力，做强特色农林、林下经济、生态文旅、森林康养等产业，推动生态产品规模化生产、标准化认证、品牌化运营和市场化营销，完善产销配套体系，畅通价值增值链条。

十二 | 推进重点行业、园区和企业节能降碳、清洁生产、资源循环利用和绿色技术改造，发展循环经济和绿色供应链，推动传统产业绿色升级。

十三 | 坚持改革赋能、数据驱动，激发价值转化内生动力。

十四 | 深化生态产品价值实现机制改革，健全自然资源统一确权登记、生态产品价值核算、生态资源收储运营等制度，积极探索GEP核算、绿色金融、生态补偿、林业碳汇等改革路径。强化人工智能、大数据、遥感监测等数字技术应用，提升生态资源调查、生态环境监测、生态资产管理和生态价值评估数字化水平，推动生态资源由“可感知”向“可计量”、由“可计量”向“可交易”转变。坚持协同联动、多元参与，凝聚生态价值转换合力。加强生态价值转化与乡村全面振兴、新型城镇化等重大战略衔接，完善财政、金融、土地、人才、科技等要素保障机制，健全跨区域生态保护协作和生态文明建设考核评价机制。发挥国家生态文明建设示范区、“两山”实践创新基地等平台载体示范作用，构建政府引导、市场运作、社会参与的生态治理体系，完善利益联结和成果共享机制，推动生态保护成果更多更公平惠及人民群众。

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