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Assimilation, Exploitation & Discrimination: The Unenviable Fate of Canada’s Indigenous Peoples_我的网站

一 |     Pope Francis’s July 24-29 tour of Canada included a long-overdue apology to Native Canadians for the Catholic Church’s central role in abuses perpetrated at the country’s network of residential schools.,The notorious boarding school system was funded and organized by Canada’s federal government and run by Catholic and Protestant churches. It oversaw the forceful and systematic assimilation, abuse, enslavement and even murder of Native Canadian boys and girls from the mid-19th to late 20th centuries. It was a particularly brutal and cruel, but by no means first or only, tool of oppression experienced by indigenous peoples during the European colonialists’ history in North America.,“I am here because the first step of my penitential pilgrimage among you is that of again asking forgiveness, of telling you once more that I am deeply sorry. Sorry for the ways in which, regrettably, many Christians supported the colonizing mentality of the powers that oppressed the indigenous peoples. I am sorry. I ask for forgiveness, in particular, for the ways in which many members of the Church and of religious communities cooperated, not least through their indifference, in projects of cultural destruction and forced assimilation promoted by the governments of that time, which culminated in the system of residential schools,” Francis said at the former site of the Ermineskin Residential School in Maskwacis, Alberta on July 25.,The pope assured his apology was “only the first step” of “a serious investigation into the facts of what took place in the past and to assist the survivors of the residential schools to experience healing from the traumas they suffered.”,Pope Francis Holds Mass in Quebec During Visit to Canada to Apologize to Indigenous Community28 July, 13:01 GMT,Assimilation,More than 150,000 Native children passed through the residential school system over its 160+ year history. Children were prohibited, often by physical punishment, from speaking their native languages, having their ancestors’ religious concepts replaced with Christianity, and facing their cultural traditions and social norms substituted for those of the colonialists.,The first experimental residential school was opened in Brantford, Ontario, in 1833, but the system only became a federally-mandated, national, industrial-scale tool of subjugation in the 1880s after Sir John A Macdonald, Canada’s first prime minister, ordered the commissioning of a report on the residential school system model being operated in the United States.,The report, entitled ‘Industrial Schools for Indians and Half-Breeds’, became the basis for Canadian state-church cooperation in solving the Indian “problem” by removing indigenous children from the influences passed down to them by their communities and family units.,© WikipediaIndian Residential School, (Fort) Resolution, Northwest TerritoriesIndian Residential School, (Fort) Resolution, Northwest Territories© Wikipedia,Along with forced assimilation, students were subjected to other forms of torment, including sexual abuse by priests and teachers, forced labor, and slavery. As of 2021, the National Center for Truth and Reconciliation has been able to identify 4,117 documented deaths of First Nations, Inuit and Metis children in residential schools. However, new graves continue to be discovered, and former Truth and Reconciliation Commissioner Murray Sinclair estimates that more than 6,000 children may have died in the residential school system over the period of its operation.,In his bombshell 2016 book “Murder by Decree: the Crime of Genocide in Canada,” writer and former United Church of Canada reverend Kevin Annett challenged the NCTR over its conservative estimates on the residential school deaths, detailing the commission’s suppression of eyewitness testimony and archival documentation, and estimating that the true death toll may have run in the tens of thousands. Annett documented how the system included a monthly “death quota” and involved the use of germ warfare, and believes that as many as 50,000 children may have perished in the residential school network.,Exploitation,Residential schools were by no means the first instance of settlers’ mistreatment of Canada’s indigenous population, with Britain’s victory against the French in the North American theater of the Seven Years’ War of 1754-1763 sealing their fate of subjugation and colonial land grabs, as well as the relentless and cynical exploitation of the most loyal tribes.,At the conclusion of the war in 1763, King George III issued a royal proclamation declaring all lands west of the Appalachian Mountains and the colonies of what would ultimately become the early United States as Native territories, outlawing their settlement or purchase by colonialists, and requiring treaty negotiations for any changes to the arrangement. In Canada –organized from the remnants of New France under the name ‘Quebec’, lands to the west and north of the colony were proclaimed Indian territory.,Centuries later, scholars continue to fiercely debate the correct interpretation of the proclamation, and whether it was meant as a permanent guarantee of Native rights to lands beyond the then-existent colonies, or a mere opportunity for colonists to catch their breath before continuing an aggressive push west.,© Photo"The British Governments in Nth America Laid down agreeable to the Proclamation of Octr. 7, 1763," Gentleman’s Magazine (London, 1763)"The British Governments in Nth America Laid down agreeable to the Proclamation of Octr. 7, 1763," Gentleman’s Magazine (London, 1763)© Photo,Even as colonists repeatedly broke the 1763 treaty’s terms throughout the rest of the 18th and 19th centuries through wars of aggression and by taking advantage of divisions within Native tribes through cunning and trickery, many Natives remained loyal to the Crown.,Perhaps nowhere was this better exemplified than in the story of Joseph Brant, an 18th-century Mohawk military and political leader who led his warriors in defense of the British Empire during the American Revolutionary War of 1775-1783, and whose efforts proved decisive in halting an American advance into what is now Canada.,In return for the loyalty shown by Brant and his fellow Mohawks, Quebec Governor Sir Frederick Haldimand promised that after the war, his people would be granted more than 8,090 square km of land around the Grand River Basin in southern Ontario. However, after the war ended in 1783, the settlers would gradually chip away at their commitments, with the Native-administered area now known as the Six Nations Reserve shrinking to just 183 square km of land, two percent of what Brant was originally promised.,Brant’s story was repeated in one form or another throughout the 19th century, and today just 0.36 percent of Canada’s total landmass has reserve status for its Native communities.,© Wikipedia / National Archives of CanadaJoseph Brant, watercolour by William ArmstrongJoseph Brant, watercolour by William Armstrong© Wikipedia / National Archives of Canada,Discrimination,Notwithstanding decades of recognition by successive governments of the historical injustices done to indigenous people, and lip service to improving their social and economic standing, Canada’s community of 1.67 million Natives continues to struggle with a broad spectrum of problems more typically characterizing countries of the so-called Third World than of a thriving, highly developed First World nation.,The Council of Canadians estimates that some 73 percent of First Nations’ water systems are at medium or high risk of contamination, with dozens of indigenous communities still lacking basic access to clean drinking water, despite billions of dollars in aid doled out by Ottawa every year to developing countries, and over a billion dollars in support sent to Kiev this year amid the Ukrainian security crisis.,Along almost every social indicator, from poverty and access to housing to crime, education, and healthcare, Native communities continue to rank below other Canadians. Nowhere is this exemplified better than in average life expectancy. While other Canadian men and women live on average to an age of 79 and 84 years, respectively, among the First Nations, Metis and Inuit, these figures drop to 72.5 for men and 77.7 for women.。     8 月 26 日消息，消息源 Nikon Rumors 上周（8 月 23 日）发文称，法国光学巨头依视路陆逊梯卡正在迅速增持尼康股份，当前持股比例已接近 20%。部分人士认为，依视路这种行为是在为收购尼康铺平道路。在此援引 Nikon Rumors，依视路陆逊梯卡从 2024 年开始持续增持尼康股份，2024 年 10 月披露持股比例达 5.1%。到 2025 年 10 月，该公司手持的尼康股份已经达到 10.75%-10.8%，成为尼康第一大股东。随后依视路陆逊梯卡获得日本政府根据《外汇及对外贸易法》作出的批准，可将尼康持股比例进一步提升至最高 20%。2026 年 4 月 7 日，依视路陆逊梯卡持有的尼康股份比例已经达到 19.61%，已经接近上限。依视路陆逊梯卡可能收购尼康的传闻，已经在各界流传一段时间。

二 | Nikon Rumors 认为，这种消息更多是猜测，外国公司想要收购尼康，首先需要跨过三条障碍：1、日本法律限制：日本《外汇及对外贸易法》规定，半导体光刻等设备是关乎日本国家安全的“核心”技术。尼康不只是一家造相机和镜头的公司，他们手里正好拥有多种半导体曝光装置技术。日本监管机构对这些关键领域的外国资本持股实施严格监管，因此外资想收购尼康实际上困难重重。2、依视路陆逊梯卡并没有流露出收购目的：依视路陆逊梯卡此前曾明确表示，公司对尼康股份的定义是长期被动持有，目前没有通过股权干预尼康经营的意图，也无意影响尼康内部架构、经营战略。因此增持本身，并不意味着收购。3、日本文化的阻力：日本的企业文化和监管体系更倾向于维护企业独立性，对外国资本收购本国企业存在较强阻力。

三 | 尼康曾名为“日本光学”，是拥有悠久历史的精密光学企业，外资试图全面收购所面临的阻力可能更大。

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